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Good. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(2), 66-77.
[2] Midlarsky, E. (1991). Helping as coping. Prosocial Behavior: Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 238-264
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Algoe, S. B., & Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action:
the 'other-praising' emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration.
Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 105-127.
[4] Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The How of Happiness. NY: Penguin
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Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2010). Cooperative behavior
cascades in human social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(12), 5334-5338.
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Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The Benefits of
Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychological
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Borgonovi, F. (2008). Doing well by doing good. The relationship between
formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness. Social
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B., Norton, M. I., Dunn, E. W. (2009). Feeling Good about Giving: The
Benefits (and Costs) of Self-Interested Charitable Behavior. Harvard
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Sheldon, K M, & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The
architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2),
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Biswas-Diener, R., Kemeze,I., Nyende, P., Ashton- Janes, C.E. &
Norton, M.I. (2010) Prosocial Spending and Well-Being: Cross-Cultural
Evidence for a Psychological Universal. NBER Working Paper No. 16415
[13] Vaillant, G.E.. (2008). Spiritual Evolution: How we are wired for Faith, Hope and Love. NY: Broadway Books
[14]
Dunn, E.W., Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. (in press). If money
doesn't make you happy then you probably aren't spending it right.
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'Still participating after all these years: a study of life task
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neural circuitry of social preferences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
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in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Journal of Health & Social
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Connect with People.
People with strong and broad social relationships are happier,
healthier and live longer. Close relationships with family and
friends provide love, meaning, support and increase our feelings of
self worth. Broader networks bring a sense of belonging. So
taking action to strengthen our relationships and build connections
is essential for happiness. [1][2][3][4][5]
Relationships Matter.
Our
connections with other people are at the heart of happiness - theirs
and ours. Whether these connections are with our partners, families,
friends, work colleagues, neighbours or people in our broader
communities, they all contribute to our happiness. Chris Peterson, one
of the founders of positive psychology puts it simply as: "Other people
matter".
Scholars and scientists agree about the central
importance of relationships for our wellbeing and our happiness.
[2][3][4][5] Many studies have shown that both the quality and quantity
of social connections have an impact on our health and longevity as well
as psychological wellbeing. [6]
Not having close personal ties
poses the same level of health risk as smoking or obesity. Having a
network of social connections or high levels of social support appears
to increase our immunity to infection, lower our risk of heart disease
and reduce mental decline as we get older. [7]
Close, secure and
supportive relationships are the most important for well-being, whether
these are with our husband, wife, partner, relatives or friends. See
Family and Friends. Research shows that it's the quality of our relationships that matters most. [2] This is influenced by:
- Experiencing positive emotions together - e.g. enjoyment, fun
- Being able to talk openly and feel understood
- Giving and receiving of support
- Shared activities and experiences. [8]
Just
as relationships are a two-way thing, it seems the connection between
happiness and relationships is too. Not only do relationships help to
make us happier, but also happy people tend to have more and better
quality relationships. [9]
So working on our relationships is good
for happiness and working on our happiness is good for our
relationships. That's a win all round!
Relationships are Human Nature.
By
nature we are social creatures and it makes sense that relationships
are central to our happiness - the survival and evolution of the human
race has depended on it!
Indeed some eminent psychologists and
biologists argue strongly that, contrary to the well-known
'selfish-gene' theory (i.e. that we are concerned only with the survival
of our own genes), it is the survival of the group that is likely to be
most successful in evolutionary terms - even if the genes of its
members are unrelated. [3]
It does seem that we are wired for
relationships - think of emotions and behaviours such as love,
compassion, kindness, gratitude, generosity, smiling and laughing. [3]
Or how reluctant we usually are to break bonds with people and how
painful it is when we do. [10]
Our need to feel connected to other
people - to love and be loved, and to care and be cared for - is a
fundamental human need. [11] Some experts argue that the capacity to be
loved, as well as to love, is the most important human strength. [12]
Happiness is Contagious Across Social Networks.
As
well as our close relationships, we all have wider connections with
people across the different circles of our lives - at work, in our
communities or through our social activities. Although these
relationships are less deep, these are also important for happiness and
wellbeing.
Having diverse social connections predicts how long we
live and even impacts how resistant we are to catching colds! Our
broader social networks provide a sense of belonging and influence how
safe and secure we feel. Building connections in our
Local Community contributes to our own happiness and that of those around us, enabling our communities to flourish. [13]
Remarkable
new research shows that happiness is contagious across social networks.
Our happiness depends not only on the happiness of those in our direct
social network, but on the happiness of the people they know too. In
other words, happiness ripples out through groups of people, like a
pebble thrown into a pond. [14]
We can help to build happier
communities by doing what we can to boost our own happiness and also
being conscious of the impact our behaviour on others. Even seemingly
small, incidental interactions, such as a friendly smile or act of
kindness can make a difference - to ourselves, the people we interact
with and the people they affect too.
References.
[1]
nef (2008) Five Ways to Wellbeing. Report prepared by the New Economics
Foundation for the UK Government Foresight Project, Mental Capital and
Wellbeing
[2] Ryan, R.M. & Deci, E.D. (2001) On happiness and
human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic
well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-66
[3] Seligman, M.E.P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press
[4]
Ryff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the
meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 6. 1069-81.
[5] Huppert, F.A. (2008) Psychological
wellbeing: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. State of the
Science Review: SR-X2, UK Government Foresight Project, Mental Capital
and Wellbeing.
[6] Uchino, B.N., Cacioppo, J.T. &
Kiecolt-Glaser,J.K. (1996) The Relationship Between Social Support and
Physiological Processes: A Review With Emphasis on Underlying Mechanisms
and Implications for Health. Psychological Bulletin Vol. 119, No. 3,
488-531
[7] Dickerson,S.S. & Zoccola, P.M. (2009) Towards a
biology of social support. In S.J. Lopez & C.R. Snyder (Eds.) Oxford
Handbook of Positive Psychology. NY: Oxford University Press.
[8]
Maisel, N.C. & Gable, S.L. (2009) For richer…in good times…and in
health: positive processes in relationships. In S.J. Lopez & C.R.
Snyder (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. NY: Oxford
University Press.
[9] Diener, E. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth. Oxford, UK: Blackwell
[10]
Baumeister, R.F. & Leary, M.R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire
for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.
Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529
[11] Deci, E.D. (1995) Why We Do What We Do. NY: Penguin
[12] Valliant, G. (2008). Spiritual Evolution: How we are wired for faith, hope and love. NY: Broadway Books